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czarina$18658$ - перевод на немецкий
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![Tsar [[Alexis of Russia]] choosing his bride in 1648. Painting by [[Grigory Sedov]], 19th century](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Alexis I's bride-show by G.Sedov (1882, GTG).jpg?width=200 "Tsar [[Alexis of Russia]] choosing his bride in 1648. Painting by [[Grigory Sedov]], 19th century")
![One of the young wives of Ivan the Terrible. Painting by [[Nikolai Nevrev]], 19th century](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vasilisa Melentieva.jpeg?width=200 "One of the young wives of Ivan the Terrible. Painting by [[Nikolai Nevrev]], 19th century")
![Novgorod]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1000 Potiomkin.jpg?width=200 "Novgorod]]")
![[[Alexander Bezborodko]], the chief architect of Catherine's foreign policy after the death of [[Nikita Panin]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/A.A.Bezborodko by Lampi (1794, Hermitage).jpg?width=200 "[[Alexander Bezborodko]], the chief architect of Catherine's foreign policy after the death of [[Nikita Panin]]")
![Russo-Turkish war]], from 1791](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/An Imperial stride! (BM 1868,0808.6035).jpg?width=200 "Russo-Turkish war]], from 1791")
![The State Hermitage Museum]], Saint-Petersburg](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine-the-Great-by-Collot.jpg?width=200 "The State Hermitage Museum]], Saint-Petersburg")
![Fredrikshamn]] in 1783](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine II and Gustav III.jpg?width=200 "Fredrikshamn]] in 1783")
.jpg?width=200 "Portrait of Catherine II")
![Equestrian portrait of Catherine in the [[Preobrazhensky Regiment]]'s uniform, by [[Vigilius Eriksen]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine II of Russia by Vigilius Eriksen - Конный портрет Екатерины Великой. - 1762.jpg?width=200 "Equestrian portrait of Catherine in the [[Preobrazhensky Regiment]]'s uniform, by [[Vigilius Eriksen]]")
![1794 portrait of Catherine, aged approximately 65, with the [[Chesme Column]] in the [[Catherine Park]] in [[Tsarskoye Selo]] in the background](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catherine II walking by V.Borovikovskiy (1794, Tretyakov gallery).jpg?width=200 "1794 portrait of Catherine, aged approximately 65, with the [[Chesme Column]] in the [[Catherine Park]] in [[Tsarskoye Selo]] in the background")
![[[Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova]], the closest female friend of Empress Catherine and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/E. Vorontsova-Dashkova by Dm. Levitsky (1784, Hillwood).jpg?width=200 "[[Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova]], the closest female friend of Empress Catherine and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment")
![Catherine visits Russian scientist [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ekaterina II and Lomonosov.jpg?width=200 "Catherine visits Russian scientist [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]")
![Portrait of the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseyevna (the future Catherine the Great) around the time of her wedding, by [[Georg Christoph Grooth]], 1745](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Empress Catherine The Great circa 1845 (George Christoph Grooth).jpg?width=200 "Portrait of the Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseyevna (the future Catherine the Great) around the time of her wedding, by [[Georg Christoph Grooth]], 1745")
![The [[Smolny Institute]], the first Russian [[Institute for Noble Maidens]] and the first European state higher education institution for women](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Galaktionov Smolny institute 1823.jpg?width=200 "The [[Smolny Institute]], the first Russian [[Institute for Noble Maidens]] and the first European state higher education institution for women")
![Young Catherine soon after her arrival in Russia, by [[Louis Caravaque]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Grand Duchess Catherine Alexeevna by L.Caravaque (1745, Gatchina museum).jpg?width=200 "Young Catherine soon after her arrival in Russia, by [[Louis Caravaque]]")
![The inauguration of the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in Saint Petersburg in 1757](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jacobi InaguarationofAcademy.jpg?width=200 "The inauguration of the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in Saint Petersburg in 1757")
![St. Catherine Cathedral in [[Kingisepp]], an example of Late Baroque architecture](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kingsobor.jpg?width=200 "St. Catherine Cathedral in [[Kingisepp]], an example of Late Baroque architecture")
![Poland]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Marcello Bacciarelli, Portret Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego (cropped).jpg?width=200 "Poland]]")
![The [[Moscow Orphanage]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Moscow Orphanage asv2018-01.jpg?width=200 "The [[Moscow Orphanage]]")
![Count [[Grigory Orlov]], by [[Fyodor Rokotov]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Orlov greg.jpeg?width=200 "Count [[Grigory Orlov]], by [[Fyodor Rokotov]]")
![Peter III]] and his wife, the future Catherine the Great. He reigned only six months, and died on 17 July 1762.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peter III and Catherine II by Grooth (copy in Odessa).jpg?width=200 "Peter III]] and his wife, the future Catherine the Great. He reigned only six months, and died on 17 July 1762.")
![Catherine's last favourite, [[Platon Zubov]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Platon Zubov by Eggink.jpg?width=200 "Catherine's last favourite, [[Platon Zubov]]")
![Austria]] in 1772, 1793, and 1795](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rzeczpospolita Rozbiory 3.png?width=200 "Austria]] in 1772, 1793, and 1795")
![Punishment with a [[knout]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Supplice du Grand Knout.jpg?width=200 "Punishment with a [[knout]]")
![A 1791 caricature by [[James Gillray]] of an attempted mediation between Catherine the Great (on the right, supported by Austria and France) and the Ottoman Empire. [[William Pitt the Younger]] is shown in armour riding [[George III]], his horse.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Taming-of-the-Shrew-Gillray.jpeg?width=200 "A 1791 caricature by [[James Gillray]] of an attempted mediation between Catherine the Great (on the right, supported by Austria and France) and the Ottoman Empire. [[William Pitt the Younger]] is shown in armour riding [[George III]], his horse.")
![Bashkir]] riders from the Ural steppes](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Башкирские казаки в Европе.jpg?width=200 "Bashkir]] riders from the Ural steppes")
![''[[Monument to the founders of Odesa]]'': Catherine and her companions [[José de Ribas]], [[François Sainte de Wollant]], Platon Zubov and Grigory Potemkin](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Памятник Основателям Одессы.jpg?width=200 "''[[Monument to the founders of Odesa]]'': Catherine and her companions [[José de Ribas]], [[François Sainte de Wollant]], Platon Zubov and Grigory Potemkin")
![Pugachev]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Перов Суд Пугачева (ГИМ).jpg?width=200 "Pugachev]]")
![Marble statue of Catherine II in the guise of [[Minerva]] (1789–1790), by [[Fedot Shubin]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Скульптура Екатерины II в "Русском Музее", г.Санкт-Петербург (2).jpg?width=200 "Marble statue of Catherine II in the guise of [[Minerva]] (1789–1790), by [[Fedot Shubin]]")
Википедия
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Tsarina or tsaritsa (also spelled csarina or csaricsa, tzarina or tzaritza, or czarina or czaricza; Bulgarian: царица, romanized: tsaritsa; Serbian: царица / carica; Russian: царица, romanized: tsaritsa) is the title of a female autocratic ruler (monarch) of Bulgaria, Serbia or Russia, or the title of a tsar's wife. The English spelling is derived from the German czarin or zarin, in the same way as the French tsarine / czarine, and the Spanish and Italian czarina / zarina. (A tsar's daughter is a tsarevna.)
"Tsarina" or "tsaritsa" was the title of the female supreme ruler in the following states:
- Bulgaria: in 913–1018, in 1185–1422 and in 1908–1946
- Serbia: in 1346–1371
- Russia: officially from about 1547 until 1721, unofficially in 1721–1917 (officially "Empresses").
